


User Commands                                         BIBCLEAN(1)



NAME
     bibclean - prettyprint and syntax check  BibTeX  and  Scribe
     bibliography data base files

SYNOPSIS
     bibclean [ -author ] [ -copyleft ] [ -copyright ]
              [ -error-log filename ] [ -help ] [ '-?' ]
              [ -init-file filename ] [ -ISBN-file filename ]
              [ -keyword-file filename ] [ -max-width nnn ]
              [ -[no-]align-equals ] [ -[no-]brace-protect ]
              [ -[no-]check-values ] [ -[no-]debug-match-failures
     ]
              [ -[no-]delete-empty-values ] [ -[no-]file-position
     ]
              [ -[no-]fix-accents ] [ -[no-]fix-braces ]
              [ -[no-]fix-font-changes ] [ -[no-]fix-initials ]
              [ -[no-]fix-math ]  [  -[no-]fix-names  ]  [  -[no-
     ]German-style ]
              [ -[no-]keep-linebreaks ] [ -[no-]keep-parbreaks ]
              [ -[no-]keep-preamble-spaces ] [  -[no-]keep-spaces
     ]
              [ -[no-]keep-string-spaces ] [ -[no-]parbreaks ]
              [ -[no-]prettyprint ] [ -[no-]print-ISBN-table ]
              [  -[no-]print-keyword-table   ]   [   -[no-]print-
     patterns ]
              [ -[no-]quiet ] [ -[no-]read-init-files ]
              [ -[no-]remove-OPT-prefixes ] [ -[no-]scribe ]
              [ -[no-]trace-file-opening ] [ -[no-]warnings ]
              [ -output-file filename ] [ -version ]
              <infile or  bibfile1 bibfile2 bibfile3 ...
              >outfile

     All options can be abbreviated to a unique leading prefix.

     An explicit file name of ``-'' represents standard input; it
     is assumed if no input files are specified.

     On VAX VMS and IBM PC DOS, the leading ``-'' on option names
     may be replaced by a slash, ``/''; however, the ``-'' option
     prefix is always recognized.

DESCRIPTION
     bibclean prettyprints input BibTeX files to stdout, or to  a
     user-specified  file,  and  checks  the  brace  balance  and
     bibliography entry syntax as well.  It can be used to detect
     problems  in BibTeX files that sometimes confuse even BibTeX
     itself, and  importantly,  can  be  used  to  normalize  the
     appearance of collections of BibTeX files.

     Here is a summary of the formatting actions:

     o  BibTeX items are formatted into  a  consistent  structure



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        with one field = "value" pair per line, and the initial @
        and trailing right brace in column 1.

     o  Tabs are  expanded  into  blank  strings;  their  use  is
        discouraged  because  they  inhibit  portability, and can
        suffer corruption in electronic mail.

     o  Long string values are split at  a  blank  and  continued
        onto the next line with leading indentation.

     o  A  single  blank  line  separates  adjacent  bibliography
        entries.

     o  Text outside BibTeX entries is passed through verbatim.

     o  Outer parentheses around entries are converted to braces.

     o  Personal names in author and editor field values are nor-
        malized  to  the  form  ``P. D. Q.  Bach'', from ``P.D.Q.
        Bach'' and ``Bach, P.D.Q.''.

     o  Hyphen sequences in page numbers  are  converted  to  en-
        dashes.

     o  Month values are  converted  to  standard  BibTeX  string
        abbreviations.

     o  In titles, sequences of upper-case  characters  at  brace
        level  zero  are  braced  to protect them from being con-
        verted to lower-case letters by some bibliography styles.

     o  CODEN, ISBN (International Standard Book Number) and ISSN
        (International  Standard  Serial Number) entry values are
        examined to verify the checksums of each  listed  number,
        and correct ISBN hyphenation is automatically supplied.

     The standardized format of the output  of  bibclean  facili-
     tates  the later application of simple filters, such as bib-
     check(1), bibdup(1), bibextract(1), bibindex(1), bibjoin(1),
     biblabel(1),     biblook(1),     biborder(1),    bibsort(1),
     citefind(1), and citetags(1), to process the text, and  also
     is  the  one  expected by the GNU Emacs BibTeX support func-
     tions.

OPTIONS
     Command-line switches may be abbreviated to a unique leading
     prefix, and letter case is not significant.  All options are
     parsed before any input  bibliography  files  are  read,  no
     matter  what  their order on the command line.  Options that
     correspond to a yes/no setting of a flag have a form with  a
     prefix  "no-"  to set the flag to no.  For such options, the
     last setting  determines  the  flag  value  used.   That  is



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     significant  when  options are also specified in initializa-
     tion files (see the INITIALIZATION FILES manual section).

     The leading hyphen  that  distinguishes  an  option  from  a
     filename  may  be  doubled,  for  compatibility with GNU and
     POSIX  conventions.   Thus,   -author   and   --author   are
     equivalent.

     To avoid confusion with options, if a filename begins with a
     hyphen,  it must be disguised by a leading absolute or rela-
     tive directory path, e.g., /tmp/-foo.bib or ./-foo.bib.

     -author                     Display an author credit on  the
                                 standard error unit, stderr, and
                                 then terminate  with  a  success
                                 return  code.  Sometimes an exe-
                                 cutable  program  is   separated
                                 from   its   documentation   and
                                 source code;  this  option  pro-
                                 vides  a  way  to  recover  from
                                 that.

     -copyleft                   Display copyright information on
                                 the standard error unit, stderr,
                                 and then terminate with  a  suc-
                                 cess return code.

     -copyright                  Display copyright information on
                                 the standard error unit, stderr,
                                 and then terminate with  a  suc-
                                 cess return code.

     -error-log filename         Redirect stderr to the indicated
                                 file,  which  will  then contain
                                 all of  the  error  and  warning
                                 messages.   This  option is pro-
                                 vided  for  those  systems  that
                                 have    difficulty   redirecting
                                 stderr.

     -help or -?                 Display  a   help   message   on
                                 stderr,  giving a usage descrip-
                                 tion, similar to this section of
                                 the  manual pages, and then ter-
                                 minate  with  a  success  return
                                 code.

     -ISBN-file filename         Provide an  explicit  ISBN-range
                                 initialization file.  It will be
                                 processed after any  system-wide
                                 and job-wide ISBN initialization
                                 files found on the PATH (for VAX



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                                 VMS,  SYS$SYSTEM)  and BIBINPUTS
                                 search paths, respectively,  and
                                 may  override  them.   The  ISBN
                                 initialization file name can  be
                                 changed  at  compile time, or at
                                 run time through  a  setting  of
                                 the  environment  variable  BIB-
                                 CLEANISBN,   but   defaults   to
                                 .bibclean.isbn   on   UNIX,  and
                                 bibclean.isb   elsewhere.    For
                                 further  details,  see  the ISBN
                                 INITIALIZATION FILES manual sec-
                                 tion.

     -init-file filename         Provide an explicit  value  pat-
                                 tern  initialization  file.   It
                                 will  be  processed  after   any
                                 system-wide  and  job-wide  ini-
                                 tialization files found  on  the
                                 PATH  (for  VAX VMS, SYS$SYSTEM)
                                 and  BIBINPUTS   search   paths,
                                 respectively,  and  may override
                                 them.  It in turn may  be  over-
                                 ridden  by  a  subsequent  file-
                                 specific  initialization   file.
                                 The initialization file name can
                                 be changed at compile  time,  or
                                 at run time through a setting of
                                 the  environment  variable  BIB-
                                 CLEANINI,  but defaults to .bib-
                                 cleanrc   on   UNIX,   and    to
                                 bibclean.ini   elsewhere.    For
                                 further details,  see  the  INI-
                                 TIALIZATION  FILES  manual  sec-
                                 tion.

     -keyword-file filename      Provide an explicit keyword ini-
                                 tialization  file.   It  will be
                                 processed after any  system-wide
                                 and job-wide keyword initializa-
                                 tion files  found  on  the  PATH
                                 (for  VAX  VMS,  SYS$SYSTEM) and
                                 BIBINPUTS search paths,  respec-
                                 tively,  and  may override them.
                                 The keyword initialization  file
                                 name  can  be changed at compile
                                 time, or at run time  through  a
                                 setting of the environment vari-
                                 able BIBCLEANKEY,  but  defaults
                                 to  .bibclean.key  on  UNIX, and
                                 bibclean.key   elsewhere.    For
                                 further details, see the KEYWORD



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                                 INITIALIZATION FILES manual sec-
                                 tion.

     -max-width nnn              bibclean normally limits  output
                                 line  widths  to  72 characters,
                                 and in  the  interests  of  con-
                                 sistency,  that value should not
                                 be    changed.     Occasionally,
                                 special-purpose applications may
                                 require different  maximum  line
                                 widths,  so this option provides
                                 that  capability.   The   number
                                 following the option name can be
                                 specified  in   decimal,   octal
                                 (starting  with  0),  or hexade-
                                 cimal  (starting  with  0x).   A
                                 zero or negative value is inter-
                                 preted  to  mean  unlimited,  so
                                 -max-width  0  can  be  used  to
                                 ensure  that  each   field/value
                                 pair appears on a single line.

                                 When  -no-prettyprint   requests
                                 bibclean  to  act  as  a lexical
                                 analyzer, the default line width
                                 is  unlimited, unless overridden
                                 by this option.

                                 When bibclean is prettyprinting,
                                 line  wrapping will be done only
                                 at a space. Consequently, a long
                                 non-blank character sequence may
                                 result in the  output  exceeding
                                 the requested line width.

                                 When bibclean  is  lexing,  line
                                 wrapping  is done by inserting a
                                 backslash-newline pair when  the
                                 specified maximum is reached, so
                                 no line length will ever  exceed
                                 the maximum.

     -[no-]align-equals          With the  positive  form,  align
                                 the  equals  sign  in  key/value
                                 assignments at the same  column,
                                 separated by a single space from
                                 the  value  string.   Otherwise,
                                 the equals sign follows the key,
                                 separated  by  a  single  space.
                                 Default: no.

     -[no-]brace-protect         Protect uppercase and  mixedcase



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                                 words  at  brace-level zero with
                                 braces to prevent downcasing  by
                                 some  BibTeX  styles.   Default:
                                 yes.

     -[no-]check-values          With the  positive  form,  apply
                                 heuristic  pattern  matching  to
                                 field values in order to  detect
                                 possible  errors (e.g., ``year =
                                 "192"''  instead  of  ``year   =
                                 "1992"''),  and  issue  warnings
                                 when  unexpected  patterns   are
                                 found.

                                 That checking is usually benefi-
                                 cial,  but  if  it  produces too
                                 many bogus warnings for  a  par-
                                 ticular  bibliography  file, you
                                 can disable it with the negative
                                 form  of  this option.  Default:
                                 yes.

     -[no-]debug-match-failures  With the  positive  form,  print
                                 out  a warning when a value pat-
                                 tern  fails  to  match  a  value
                                 string.

                                 That is helpful in debugging new
                                 patterns, but because the output
                                 can be  voluminous,  you  should
                                 use  this option only with small
                                 test files,  and  initialization
                                 files  that  eliminate  all pat-
                                 terns apart from the  ones  that
                                 you are testing.  Default: no.

     -[no-]delete-empty-values   With the positive  form,  remove
                                 all  field/value pairs for which
                                 the value is  an  empty  string.
                                 That  is  helpful in cleaning up
                                 bibliographies  generated   from
                                 text  editor  templates. Compare
                                 this option  with  -[no-]remove-
                                 OPT-prefixes   described  below.
                                 Default: no.

     -[no-]file-position         With  the  positive  form,  give
                                 detailed  file position informa-
                                 tion in warning and  error  mes-
                                 sages.  Default: no.

     -[no-]fix-accents           With    the    positive    form,



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                                 normalize    TeX    accents   in
                                 annotes,  authors,   booktitles,
                                 editors,   notes,  remarks,  and
                                 titles.  Default: no.

     -[no-]fix-braces            With the positive form,  normal-
                                 ize bracing in annotes, authors,
                                 booktitles,   editors,    notes,
                                 remarks, and titles, by removing
                                 unnecessary  levels  of  braces.
                                 Default: no.

     -[no-]fix-font-changes      With the positive  form,  supply
                                 an additional brace level around
                                 font changes in titles  to  pro-
                                 tect  against downcasing by some
                                 BibTeX  styles.   Font   changes
                                 that  already have more than one
                                 level of braces  are  not  modi-
                                 fied.

                                 For example, if a title contains
                                 the  Latin  phrase {\em Dictyos-
                                 telium   Discoideum}   or   {\em
                                 {D}ictyostelium   {D}iscoideum},
                                 then downcasing will incorrectly
                                 convert the phrase to lower-case
                                 letters.  Most BibTeX users  are
                                 surprised  that bracing the ini-
                                 tial letters  does  not  prevent
                                 the    downcase   action.    The
                                 correct coding is {{\em Dictyos-
                                 telium  Discoideum}}.   However,
                                 there are also legitimate  cases
                                 where  an extra level of bracing
                                 wrongly protects  from  downcas-
                                 ing.    Consequently,   bibclean
                                 will  normally  not  supply   an
                                 extra  level  of  braces, but if
                                 you have  a  bibliography  where
                                 the  extra  braces are routinely
                                 missing, you can use this option
                                 to supply them.

                                 If you think that you need  this
                                 option,  it  is  strongly recom-
                                 mended that you  apply  bibclean
                                 to  your  bibliography file with
                                 and  without  -fix-font-changes,
                                 then   compare  the  two  output
                                 files  to  ensure   that   extra
                                 braces are not being supplied in



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                                 titles where they should not  be
                                 present.    You   will  have  to
                                 decide which of the  two  output
                                 files is the better choice, then
                                 repair the incorrect title brac-
                                 ing by hand.

                                 Because font changes  in  titles
                                 are  uncommon,  except for cases
                                 of the type which this option is
                                 designed  to  correct, it should
                                 do   more   good   than    harm.
                                 Default: no.

     -[no-]fix-initials          With the positive form, insert a
                                 space  after  a period following
                                 author initials.  Default: yes.

     -[no-]fix-math              With the positive form,  improve
                                 readability   of  math  mode  in
                                 titles   by   inserting   spaces
                                 around operators, deleting other
                                 unnecessary space, and  removing
                                 braces  around  single-character
                                 subscripts   and   superscripts.
                                 Default: no.

     -[no-]fix-names             With the positive form,  reorder
                                 author  and editor name lists to
                                 remove  commas  at  brace  level
                                 zero,  placing  first  names  or
                                 initials  before   last   names.
                                 Default: yes.

     -[no-]German-style          With the positive  form,  inter-
                                 pret quote characters ["] inside
                                 braced value  strings  at  brace
                                 level 1 according to the conven-
                                 tions  of  the  TeX  style  file
                                 german.sty,    which   overloads
                                 quote  to  simplify  input   and
                                 representation  of German umlaut
                                 accents, sharp-s (es-zet), liga-
                                 ture    separators,    invisible
                                 hyphens, raised/lowered  quotes,
                                 French  guillemets,  and discre-
                                 tionary   hyphens.    Recognized
                                 character  combinations  will be
                                 braced to  prevent  BibTeX  from
                                 interpreting   the  quote  as  a
                                 string delimiter.




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                                 Quoted strings receive  no  spe-
                                 cial  handling from this option,
                                 and  because  German  nouns   in
                                 titles  must anyway be protected
                                 from the downcasing operation of
                                 most BibTeX bibliography styles,
                                 German value  strings  that  use
                                 the  overloaded  quote character
                                 can always  be  entered  in  the
                                 form  "{...}",  without the need
                                 to specify this option at all.

                                 Default: no.

     -[no-]keep-linebreaks       Normally,  line  breaks   inside
                                 value strings are collapsed into
                                 a single  space,  so  that  long
                                 value  strings can later be bro-
                                 ken to provide lines of  reason-
                                 able length.

                                 With the  positive  form,  line-
                                 breaks  are  preserved  in value
                                 strings.  If -max-width  is  set
                                 to zero, this preserves the ori-
                                 ginal line breaks.  Spacing out-
                                 side value strings remains under
                                 bibclean's control, and  is  not
                                 affected by this option.

                                 Default: no.

     -[no-]keep-parbreaks        With the positive form, preserve
                                 paragraph     breaks     (either
                                 formfeeds, or  lines  containing
                                 only  spaces)  in value strings.
                                 Normally, paragraph  breaks  are
                                 collapsed  into  a single space.
                                 Spacing  outside  value  strings
                                 remains  under  bibclean's  con-
                                 trol, and  is  not  affected  by
                                 this option.  Default: no.

     -[no-]keep-preamble-spaces  With the positive form, preserve
                                 all whitespace in @Preamble{...}
                                 entries.  Default: no.

     -[no-]keep-spaces           With the positive form, preserve
                                 all  spaces  in  value  strings.
                                 Normally,  multiple  spaces  are
                                 collapsed  into  a single space.
                                 This option can be used together



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                                 with   -keep-linebreaks,  -keep-
                                 parbreaks, and -max-width  0  to
                                 preserve   the   form  of  value
                                 strings  while  still  providing
                                 syntax   and   value   checking.
                                 Spacing  outside  value  strings
                                 remains  under  bibclean's  con-
                                 trol, and  is  not  affected  by
                                 this option.  Default: no.

     -[no-]keep-string-spaces    With the positive form, preserve
                                 all  whitespace  in @String{...}
                                 entries.  Default: no.

     -[no-]parbreaks             With the negative form, a  para-
                                 graph  break (either a formfeed,
                                 or  a   line   containing   only
                                 spaces)   is  not  permitted  in
                                 value   strings,   or    between
                                 field/value  pairs.  That may be
                                 useful to quickly  trap  runaway
                                 strings  arising from mismatched
                                 delimiters.  Default: yes.

     -[no-]prettyprint           Normally, bibclean functions  as
                                 a  prettyprinter.  However, with
                                 the  negative   form   of   this
                                 option,  it  acts  as  a lexical
                                 analyzer  instead,  producing  a
                                 stream  of  lexical tokens.  See
                                 the LEXICAL ANALYSIS manual sec-
                                 tion    for   further   details.
                                 Default: yes.

     -[no-]print-ISBN-table      With the  positive  form,  print
                                 the  ISBN-range table on stderr,
                                 then terminate  with  a  success
                                 return code.

                                 That action is taken  after  all
                                 command-line  options  are  pro-
                                 cessed,  and  before  any  input
                                 files are read (other than those
                                 which are values of command-line
                                 options).

                                 The format of the  output  ISBN-
                                 range  table  is  acceptable for
                                 input as an ISBN  initialization
                                 file  (see  the ISBN INITIALIZA-
                                 TION  FILES   manual   section).
                                 Default: no.



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     -[no-]print-keyword-table   With the  positive  form,  print
                                 the keyword initialization table
                                 on stderr, then terminate with a
                                 success return code.

                                 That action is taken  after  all
                                 command-line  options  are  pro-
                                 cessed,  and  before  any  input
                                 files are read (other than those
                                 which are values of command-line
                                 options).

                                 The format of the  output  table
                                 is  acceptable  for  input  as a
                                 keyword initialization file (see
                                 the KEYWORD INITIALIZATION FILES
                                 manual section).  Default: no.

     -[no-]print-patterns        With the  positive  form,  print
                                 the  value  patterns  read  from
                                 initialization files as they are
                                 added  to  internal tables.  Use
                                 this option to check newly-added
                                 patterns,  or  to  see what pat-
                                 terns are being used.

                                 When bibclean is  compiled  with
                                 native   pattern-matching   code
                                 (the  default),  these  patterns
                                 are  the  ones that will be used
                                 in checking  value  strings  for
                                 valid  syntax,  and  all of them
                                 are specified in  initialization
                                 files,  rather  than  hard-coded
                                 into the program.   For  further
                                 details,  see the INITIALIZATION
                                 FILES manual section.   Default:
                                 no.

     -[no-]quiet                 This option is the  opposite  of
                                 -[no-]warning;   it  exists  for
                                 user convenience, and for compa-
                                 tibility   with  other  programs
                                 that use -q   for  quiet  opera-
                                 tion, without warning messages.

     -[no-]read-init-files       With the negative form, suppress
                                 loading  of  system-, user-, and
                                 file-specific     initialization
                                 files.    Initializations   will
                                 come  only  from   those   files
                                 explicitly  given  by -init-file



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                                 filename options.  Default: yes.

     -[no-]remove-OPT-prefixes   With the positive  form,  remove
                                 the  ``OPT''  prefix  from  each
                                 field name where the correspond-
                                 ing   value   is  not  an  empty
                                 string.  The prefix ``OPT'' must
                                 be  entirely in upper-case to be
                                 recognized.

                                 This option  is  for  bibliogra-
                                 phies generated with the help of
                                 the  GNU  Emacs  BibTeX  editing
                                 support,  which  generates  tem-
                                 plates  with   optional   fields
                                 identified  by  the ``OPT'' pre-
                                 fix.  Although the function  M-x
                                 bibtex-remove-OPT normally bound
                                 to the keystrokes C-c  C-o  does
                                 the  job,  users  often  forget,
                                 with the result that BibTeX does
                                 not  recognize  the  field name,
                                 and ignores  the  value  string.
                                 Compare  this  option with -[no-
                                 ]delete-empty-values   described
                                 above.  Default: no.

     -[no-]scribe                With the positive  form,  accept
                                 input  syntax  conforming to the
                                 Scribe  document  system.    The
                                 output will be converted to con-
                                 form to BibTeX syntax.  See  the
                                 SCRIBE    BIBLIOGRAPHY    FORMAT
                                 manual   section   for   further
                                 details.  Default: no.

     -[no-]trace-file-opening    With the positive  form,  record
                                 in  the error log file the names
                                 of  all  files  which   bibclean
                                 attempts   to  open.   Use  this
                                 option to  identify  where  ini-
                                 tialization  files  are located.
                                 Default: no.

     -[no-]warnings              With the  positive  form,  allow
                                 all warning messages.  The nega-
                                 tive  form  is  not  recommended
                                 because  it  may  mask  problems
                                 that   should    be    repaired.
                                 Default: yes.

     -output-file filename       Supply an alternate output  file



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                                 to   replace   stdout.   If  the
                                 filename cannot  be  opened  for
                                 output,   execution   terminates
                                 immediately with a nonzero  exit
                                 code.

     -version                    Display  the   program   version
                                 number  on stderr, and then ter-
                                 minate  with  a  success  return
                                 code.  That will also include an
                                 indication of who  compiled  the
                                 program,  the host name on which
                                 it was  compiled,  the  time  of
                                 compilation,  and  the  type  of
                                 string-value    matching    code
                                 selected,  when that information
                                 is available to the compiler.

ERROR RECOVERY AND WARNINGS
     When bibclean detects an error, it issues an  error  message
     to  both  stderr  and stdout.  That way, the user is clearly
     notified, and the output bibliography also contains the mes-
     sage at the point of error.

     Error messages begin with a distinctive pair of queries, ??,
     beginning  in  column 1, followed by the input file name and
     line number.  If the -file-position  option  was  specified,
     they  also  contain  the  input  and output positions of the
     current file, entry, and value.  Each position includes  the
     file  byte  number,  the line number, and the column number.
     In the event of a runaway string  argument,  the  entry  and
     value  positions  should  precisely  pinpoint  the erroneous
     bibliography entry, and the  file  positions  will  indicate
     where  it  was  detected,  which  may be rather later in the
     files.

     Warning messages identify possible problems, and are  there-
     fore  sent  only to stderr, and not to stdout, so they never
     appear in the output file.  They are identified  by  a  dis-
     tinctive pair of percents, %%, beginning in column 1, and as
     with error messages, may be followed by file  position  mes-
     sages if the -file-position option was specified.

     For convenience, the first line of each  error  and  warning
     message  sent to stderr is formatted according to the expec-
     tations of the GNU Emacs next-error command.  You can invoke
     bibclean    with    the   Emacs   M-x   compile<RET>bibclean
     filename.bib >filename.new command, then use the  next-error
     command,  normally  bound to C-x ` (that's a grave, or back,
     accent), to move to the location of the error in  the  input
     file.




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     If error messages  are  ignored,  and  left  in  the  output
     bibliography  file,  they will precipitate an error when the
     bibliography is next processed with BibTeX.

     After issuing an error message, bibclean then resynchronizes
     its  input  by  copying  it  verbatim  to stdout until a new
     bibliography entry is recognized on  a  line  in  which  the
     first  non-blank  character is an at-sign (@).  That ensures
     that nothing  is  lost  from  the  input  file(s),  allowing
     corrections  to  be  made  in either the input or the output
     files.  However, if bibclean detects an  internal  error  in
     its  data  structures,  it  will  terminate abruptly without
     further input or  output  processing;  that  kind  of  error
     should  never  happen, and if it does, it should be reported
     immediately to the author of the program.   Errors  in  ini-
     tialization  files,  and running out of dynamic memory, will
     also immediately terminate bibclean.

INITIALIZATION FILES
     bibclean can be compiled with one of three  different  types
     of  pattern matching; the choice is made by the installer at
     compile time:

          o  The original version uses explicit hand-coded  tests
             of value-string syntax.

          o  The second version uses regular-expression  pattern-
             matching   host   library   routines  together  with
             regular-expression patterns that come entirely  from
             initialization files.

          o  The third version uses special  patterns  that  come
             entirely from initialization files.

     The second and third versions are the ones of most  interest
     here, because they allow the user to control what values are
     considered acceptable.  However,  command-line  options  can
     also  be  specified in initialization files, no matter which
     pattern matching choice was selected.

     When bibclean starts, it searches for initialization  files,
     finding  the  first  one  in  the  system executable program
     search path (on UNIX and IBM PC DOS, PATH) and the first one
     in  the  BIBINPUTS  search path, and processes them in turn.
     Then, when command-line arguments are processed,  any  addi-
     tional  files  specified  by -init-file filename options are
     also processed.   Finally,  immediately  before  each  named
     bibliography  file  is processed, an attempt is made to pro-
     cess an initialization file with the same name, but with the
     extension  changed  to  .ini.   The default extension can be
     changed by  a  setting  of  the  environment  variable  BIB-
     CLEANEXT.    That  scheme  permits  system-wide,  user-wide,



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     session-wide, and file-specific initialization files  to  be
     supported.

     When input is taken from stdin, there  is  no  file-specific
     initialization.

     For  precise   control,   the   -no-read-init-files   option
     suppresses  all initialization files except those explicitly
     named by -init-file filename options, either on the  command
     line, or in requested initialization files.

     Recursive execution  of  initialization  files  with  nested
     -init-file  options is permitted; if the recursion is circu-
     lar, bibclean will finally get  a  non-fatal  initialization
     file  open  failure after opening too many files.  That ter-
     minates further  initialization  file  processing.   As  the
     recursion  unwinds, the files are all closed, then execution
     proceeds normally.

     An initialization file may  contain  empty  lines,  comments
     from  percent  to  end  of  line  (just  like  TeX),  option
     switches, and field/pattern or field/pattern/message assign-
     ments.   Leading  and  trailing spaces are ignored.  That is
     best illustrated by a short example:

     % This is a small bibclean initialization file

     -init-file /u/math/bib/.bibcleanrc %% departmental patterns

     chapter = "\"D\""                 %% 23

     pages   = "\"D--D\""              %% 23--27

     volume  = "\"D \\an\\d D\""       %% 11 and 12

     year    = \
        "\"dddd, dddd, dddd\"" \
        "Multiple years specified."      %% 1989, 1990, 1991

     -no-fix-names   %% do not modify author/editor lists

     Long logical lines can be split into multiple physical lines
     by  breaking  at  a  backslash-newline  pair; the backslash-
     newline pair is discarded.  That  processing  happens  while
     characters are being read, before any further interpretation
     of the input stream.

     Each logical line must contain a complete  option  (and  its
     value,  if  any),  or  a  complete  field/pattern pair, or a
     field/pattern/message triple.





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     Comments are stripped during the parsing of the field,  pat-
     tern,  and  message values.  The comment start symbol is not
     recognized inside quoted strings, so it can be  freely  used
     in such strings.

     Comments on logical lines that were input as multiple physi-
     cal  lines  via the backslash-newline convention must appear
     on the last physical line; otherwise, the remaining physical
     lines will become part of the comment.

     Pattern strings must be enclosed in quotation marks;  within
     such strings, a backslash starts an escape mechanism that is
     commonly used  in  UNIX  software.   The  recognized  escape
     sequences are:

          \a   alarm bell (octal 007)

          \b   backspace (octal 010)

          \f   formfeed (octal 014)

          \n   newline (octal 012)

          \r   carriage return (octal 015)

          \t   horizontal tab (octal 011)

          \v   vertical tab (octal 013)

          \ooo character number octal ooo (e.g \012 is linefeed).
               Up to 3 octal digits may be used.

          \0xhh
               character number hexadecimal hh  (e.g.,  \0x0a  is
               linefeed).  xhh may be in either letter case.  Any
               number of hexadecimal digits may be used.

     Backslash followed by any other character produces just that
     character.   Thus,  \%  gets a literal percent into a string
     (preventing its interpretation as a comment), \" produces  a
     quotation mark, and \\ produces a single backslash.

     An ASCII NUL (\0) in a string will terminate it; that  is  a
     feature  of  the C programming language in which bibclean is
     implemented.

     Field/pattern pairs can be separated by arbitrary space, and
     optionally, either an equals sign or colon functioning as an
     assignment operator.  Thus, the following are equivalent:

     pages="\"D--D\""
     pages:"\"D--D\""



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     pages "\"D--D\""
       pages = "\"D--D\""
       pages : "\"D--D\""
     pages   "\"D--D\""

     Each field name can have an  arbitrary  number  of  patterns
     associated  with  it;  however,  they  must  be specified in
     separate field/pattern assignments.

     An empty pattern string  causes  previously-loaded  patterns
     for  that  field name to be forgotten.  That feature permits
     an initialization file to completely discard  patterns  from
     earlier initialization files.

     Patterns  for  value  strings  are  represented  in  a  tiny
     special-purpose  language  that is both convenient and suit-
     able for bibliography value-string syntax  checking.   While
     not  as  powerful as the language of regular-expression pat-
     terns, its parsing can be portably implemented in less  than
     3%  of  the  code in a widely-used regular-expression parser
     (the GNU regexp package).

     The patterns are represented by the following special  char-
     acters:

          <space>  one or more spaces

          a        exactly one letter

          A        one or more letters

          d        exactly one digit

          D        one or more digits

          r        exactly one Roman numeral

          R        one or  more  Roman  numerals  (i.e.  a  Roman
                   number)

          w        exactly one word  (one  or  more  letters  and
                   digits)

          W        one or more space-separated  words,  beginning
                   and ending with a word

          .        one `special' character, one of the characters
                   <space>!#()*+,-./:;?[]~,  a subset of punctua-
                   tion characters that  are  typically  used  in
                   string values

          :        one or more `special' characters



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          X        one or more `special'-separated words,  begin-
                   ning and ending with a word

          \x       exactly one x (x is any  character),  possibly
                   with  an  escape sequence interpretation given
                   earlier

          x        exactly the character x (x is anything but one
                   of       these       pattern       characters:
                   aAdDrRwW.:<space>\)

     The X pattern character  is  very  powerful,  but  generally
     inadvisable, because it will match almost anything likely to
     be found in a BibTeX value string.  The reason for providing
     pattern matching on the value strings is to uncover possible
     errors, not mask them.

     There is no provision for specifying ranges  or  repetitions
     of  characters,  but  that can usually be done with separate
     patterns.  It is a good idea to accompany the pattern with a
     comment  showing  the kind of thing it is expected to match.
     Here is a portion of an initialization file giving a few  of
     the patterns used to match number value strings:

     number  =       "\"D\""         %% 23
     number  =       "\"A AD\""      %% PN LPS5001
     number  =       "\"A D(D)\""    %% RJ 34(49)
     number  =       "\"A D\""       %% XNSS 288811
     number  =       "\"A D\\.D\""   %% Version 3.20
     number  =       "\"A-A-D-D\""   %% UMIAC-TR-89-11
     number  =       "\"A-A-D\""     %% CS-TR-2189
     number  =       "\"A-A-D\\.D\"" %% CS-TR-21.7

     For a bibliography that contains only article entries,  that
     list  should  probably be reduced to just the first pattern,
     so that  anything  other  than  a  digit  string  fails  the
     pattern-match   test.    That  is  easily  done  by  keeping
     bibliography-specific patterns in a corresponding file  with
     extension .ini, because that file is read automatically.

     You should be sure to use empty pattern strings in the  pat-
     tern  file  to  discard patterns from earlier initialization
     files.

     The value strings passed to the pattern matcher contain sur-
     rounding  quotes, so the patterns should also.  However, you
     could use a pattern specification like  "\"D"  to  match  an
     initial digit string followed by anything else; the omission
     of the final quotation mark \" in  the  pattern  allows  the
     match to succeed without checking that the next character in
     the value string is a quotation mark.




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     Because the value strings are intended to  be  processed  by
     TeX,  the  pattern  matching ignores braces, and TeX control
     sequences, together with any space following  those  control
     sequences.   Spaces  around braces are preserved.  That con-
     vention allows the pattern  fragment  A-AD-D  to  match  the
     value  string  TN-K\slash 27-70, because the value is impli-
     citly collapsed to TN-K27-70 during the matching operation.

     bibclean's normal action when a string value fails to  match
     any of the corresponding patterns is to issue a warning mes-
     sage something like this:  "Unexpected  value  in  ``year  =
     "192"''.   In  most  cases,  that is sufficient to alert the
     user to a problem.  In some cases, however, it may be desir-
     able to associate a different message with a particular pat-
     tern.  That can be done by supplying a message  string  fol-
     lowing  the  pattern  string.   Format items %% (single per-
     cent), %e (entry name), %f (field name), %k (citation  key),
     and  %v  (string  value) are available to get current values
     expanded in the messages.  Here is an example:

     chapter = "\"D:D\"" "Colon found in ``%f = %v''" %% 23:2

     To be consistent with other messages output by bibclean, the
     message string should not end with punctuation.

     If you wish to make the message an error, rather than just a
     warning, begin it with a query (?), like this:

     chapter = "\"D:D\"" "?Colon found in ``%f = %v''" %% 23:2

     The query will not be included in the output message.

     Escape sequences are supported in message strings,  just  as
     they  are in pattern strings.  You can use that to advantage
     for fancy things, such as terminal display mode control.  If
     you rewrite the previous example as

     chapter = "\"D:D\"" \
               "?\033[7mColon found in ``%f = %v''\033[0m" %% 23:2

     the error message will appear in inverse  video  on  display
     screens  that support ANSI terminal control sequences.  Such
     practice is not normally recommended, because  it  may  have
     undesirable  effects  on some output devices.  Nevertheless,
     you may find it useful for restricted applications.

     For some types of  bibliography  fields,  bibclean  contains
     special-purpose  code  to  supplement or replace the pattern
     matching:

          o  CODEN, ISBN and ISSN field values are  handled  that
             way  because their validation requires evaluation of



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             checksums that cannot be expressed  by  simple  pat-
             terns;  no  patterns  are  even  used in these three
             cases.

          o  When bibclean is compiled with pattern-matching code
             support,  chapter,  number, pages, and volume values
             are checked only by pattern matching.

          o  month values are first checked against the  standard
             BibTeX  month abbreviations, and only if no match is
             found are patterns then used.

          o  year values are first checked against patterns, then
             if no match is found, the year numbers are found and
             converted to integer values for testing against rea-
             sonable bounds.

     Values for other fields are checked only  against  patterns.
     You  can  provide patterns for any field you like, even ones
     bibclean does not already know about.  New ones  are  simply
     added  to an internal table that is searched for each string
     to be validated.

     The special field, key, represents the  bibliographic  cita-
     tion  key.   It can be given patterns, like any other field.
     Here is an initialization file pattern assignment that  will
     match  an  author name, a colon, a four-digit year, a colon,
     and an alphabetic string, in the BibNet Project style:

     key = "A:dddd:A"                     %% Knuth:1986:TB

     Notice that no quotation marks are included in the  pattern,
     because  the citation keys are not quoted.  You can use such
     patterns to help  enforce  uniform  naming  conventions  for
     citation  keys,  which  is  increasingly  important  as your
     bibliography data base grows.

ISBN INITIALIZATION FILES
     bibclean contains a compiled-in table  of  ISBN  ranges  and
     country/language settings that is suitable for most applica-
     tions.

     However, ISBN data changes yearly, as  new  countries  adopt
     ISBNs,  and  as  publishers  are granted new, or additional,
     ISBN prefixes.

     Thus, from version 2.12, bibclean supports reading  of  run-
     time  ISBN  initialization  files found on the PATH (for VAX
     VMS, SYS$SYSTEM) and BIBINPUTS search paths,  and  then  any
     specified by -ISBN-file filename options.





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     That feature makes it possible to incorporate new ISBN  data
     without  having  to produce a new bibclean release and rein-
     stall the software at end-user sites.

     The format of an ISBN initialization file is similar to that
     of  the  bibclean  initialization  files  described  in  the
     preceding section: comments begin with percent and  continue
     to   end  of  line,  blank  and  empty  lines  are  ignored,
     backslash-newline joins adjacent lines, and otherwise, lines
     are   expected   to   contain   a   required  pair  of  ISBN
     country/language-publisher prefixes forming a non-decreasing
     range,  optionally  followed  by  one  or more words of text
     which are treated as the country/language group value.   The
     latter value plays no part in ISBN validation, but its pres-
     ence is strongly recommended, in  order  to  make  the  ISBN
     table more understandable for humans.

     Here is a short example:
          %% The Faeroes got ISBN assignments between 1993 and 1998
          99918-0         99918-3        Faeroes
          99918-40        99918-61
          99918-900       99918-938
     It is not necessary to repeat the country names on  succeed-
     ing  entries  with  the  same  initial number (99918 in that
     example); that will be handled internally.

     Data from ISBN files normally augments the compiled-in data.
     However, if the first prefix begins with a hyphen, then bib-
     clean deletes the first entry in  the  table  matching  that
     first prefix (ignoring the leading hyphen):
          %% Latvia got ISBN ranges between 1993 and 1998
          %% so we remove the old placeholder, then add the
          %% new ranges.
          -9984-0         9984-9         This one is no longer valid

          9984-00         9984-20        Latvia
          9984-500        9984-770
          9984-9000       9984-9984

KEYWORD INITIALIZATION FILES
     bibclean contains a compiled-in table  of  keyword  mappings
     that  is  suitable  for most applications.  The default set-
     tings merely adjust lettercase in certain keyword names,  so
     that, for example, isbn is output as ISBN.

     From version 2.12, bibclean  supports  reading  of  run-time
     keyword initialization files found on the PATH (for VAX VMS,
     SYS$SYSTEM) and BIBINPUTS search paths, and then any  speci-
     fied by -keyword-file filename options.

     That feature makes it possible to incorporate special  spel-
     lings  of  new  keywords  without  having  to  produce a new



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     bibclean release and  reinstall  the  software  at  end-user
     sites.

     The format of a keyword initialization file  is  similar  to
     that of the other bibclean initialization files described in
     the preceding sections: comments begin with percent and con-
     tinue  to  end  of  line, blank and empty lines are ignored,
     backslash-newline joins adjacent lines, and otherwise, lines
     are  expected to contain a required pair of old and new key-
     word names.

     Here is a short example:
          %% We want special handling of MathReviews keywords
          mrclass         MRclass
          mrnumber        MRnumber
          mrreviewer      MRreviewer

     Data from keywords files normally augments  the  compiled-in
     data.   However,  if the first keyword begins with a hyphen,
     then bibclean deletes the first entry in the table  matching
     that keyword (ignoring the leading hyphen):
          %% Remove special handling of ISBN, ISSN, and LCCN values.
          -issn           ISSN
          -isbn           ISBN
          -lccn           LCCN
     Even though the second keyword in each deletion pair is  not
     used, it still must be specified.

     Notice that this feature can be used to  regularize  keyword
     names,  but  use  it  with care, in order to avoid producing
     duplicate key names in output BibTeX entries:
          %% Map variations of keywords into a common name:
          keys            keywords
          keywds          keywords
          keyword         keywords
          keywrd          keywords
          keywrds         keywords
          searchkey       keywords

LEXICAL ANALYSIS
     When -no-prettyprint is specified, bibclean acts as a  lexi-
     cal analyzer instead of a prettyprinter, producing output in
     lines of the form

          <token-number><tab><token-name><tab>"<token-value>"

     Each output line contains a single complete  token,  identi-
     fied  by  a  small integer number for use by a computer pro-
     gram, a token type name for  human  readers,  and  a  string
     value in quotes.





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     Special characters in the token value string are represented
     with ANSI/ISO Standard C escape sequences, so all characters
     other than NUL are representable, and multi-line values  can
     be represented in a single line.

     Here are the token numbers and token  type  names  that  can
     appear in the output when -prettyprint is specified:

           0   UNKNOWN
           1   ABBREV
           2   AT
           3   COMMA
           4   COMMENT
           5   ENTRY
           6   EQUALS
           7   FIELD
           8   INCLUDE
           9   INLINE
          10   KEY
          11   LBRACE
          12   LITERAL
          13   NEWLINE
          14   PREAMBLE
          15   RBRACE
          16   SHARP
          17   SPACE
          18   STRING
          19   VALUE

     Programs that parse such output should also be prepared  for
     lines  beginning  with  the warning prefix, %%, or the error
     prefix, ??, and for ANSI/ISO Standard C line  number  direc-
     tives of the form
          # line 273 "texbook1.bib"
     which record the line number and file name  of  the  current
     input file.

     If a -max-width nnn command-line option was specified,  long
     output  lines  will  be wrapped at a backslash-newline pair,
     and consequently, software that processes the lexical  token
     stream  should  be  prepared  to collapse such wrapped lines
     back into single lines.

     As an example of the use of -no-prettyprint, the  UNIX  com-
     mand pipeline
          bibclean -no-prettyprint mylib.bib | \
              awk '$2 == "KEY" {print $3}' | \
              sed -e 's/"//g' | \
              sort
     will extract a sorted list of all citation keys in the  file
     mylib.bib.




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     A certain amount of processing will have been  done  on  the
     tokens.  In particular, delimiters equivalent to braces will
     have been replaced by braces, and braced strings  will  have
     become quoted strings.

     The LITERAL token type is used for arbitrary text that  bib-
     clean  does  not  examine further, such as the contents of a
     @Preamble{...} or a @Comment{...}.

     The UNKNOWN token type should never  appear  in  the  output
     stream.   It  is  used  internally  to initialize token type
     variables.

SCRIBE BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMAT
     bibclean's support for the  Scribe  bibliography  format  is
     based  on  the syntax description in the Scribe Introductory
     User's Manual, 3rd Edition, May 1980.  Scribe was originally
     developed  by  Brian Reid at Carnegie-Mellon University, and
     is now marketed by Unilogic, Ltd.

     The BibTeX bibliography format was  strongly  influenced  by
     Scribe,  and  indeed,  with  care,  it  is possible to share
     bibliography files between the two  systems.   Nevertheless,
     there are some differences, so here is a summary of features
     of the Scribe bibliography file format:

     (1)   Letter case is not  significant  in  field  names  and
           entry names, but case is preserved in value strings.

     (2)   In field/value pairs,  the  field  and  value  may  be
           separated  by one of three characters: =, /, or space.
           Space may optionally surround these separators.

     (3)   Value delimiters are any of these seven pairs: { }   [
           ]   ( )   < >   ' '   " "   ` `

     (4)   Value delimiters may not be nested, even  though  with
           the first four delimiter pairs, nested balanced delim-
           iters would be unambiguous.

     (5)   Delimiters can be omitted around values  that  contain
           only letters, digits, sharp (#), ampersand (&), period
           (.), and percent (%).

     (6)   Outside of delimited values, a literal at-sign (@)  is
           represented by doubled at-signs (@@).

     (7)   Bibliography entries begin with @name, as for  BibTeX,
           but  any of the seven Scribe value delimiter pairs may
           be used to surround the values in  field/value  pairs.
           As in (4), nested delimiters are forbidden.




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     (8)   Arbitrary space may separate entry names from the fol-
           lowing delimiters.

     (9)   @Comment is a special command whose delimited value is
           discarded.   As  in (4), nested delimiters are forbid-
           den.

     (10)  The special form


           @Begin{comment}
            ...
           @End{comment}

           permits encapsulating arbitrary  text  containing  any
           characters      or      delimiters,     other     than
           ``@End{comment}''.  Any of the seven  delimiter  pairs
           may  be used around the word ``comment'' following the
           ``@Begin'' or ``@End'';  the  delimiters  in  the  two
           cases   need   not  be  the  same,  and  consequently,
           ``@Begin{comment}''/``@End{comment}'' pairs may not be
           nested.

     (11)  The key field is required in each bibliography entry.

     (12)  A backslashed quote in a string will be assumed to  be
           a  TeX  accent,  and braced appropriately.  While such
           accents do not conform to Scribe syntax, Scribe-format
           bibliographies  have  been  found  that  appear  to be
           intended for TeX processing.

     Because of that loose syntax, bibclean's normal error detec-
     tion heuristics are less effective, and consequently, Scribe
     mode input  is  not  the  default;  it  must  be  explicitly
     requested.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
     BIBCLEANEXT   File extension of  bibliography-specific  ini-
                   tialization files.  Default:  .ini.

     BIBCLEANINI   Name   of   bibclean   initialization   files.
                   Default:    .bibcleanrc  (UNIX),  bibclean.ini
                   (non-UNIX).

     BIBCLEANISBN  Name of bibclean  ISBN  initialization  files.
                   Default:   .bibclean.isbn (UNIX), bibclean.isb
                   (non-UNIX).

     BIBCLEANKEY   Name of bibclean keyword initialization files.
                   Default:   .bibclean.key  (UNIX), bibclean.key
                   (non-UNIX).




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User Commands                                         BIBCLEAN(1)



     BIBINPUTS     Search path  for  bibclean  and  BibTeX  input
                   files.   On UNIX, it is a colon-separated list
                   of directories that are searched in order from
                   first  to  last.   It  is  not  an error for a
                   specified directory to not exist.

                   On  other  operating  systems,  the  directory
                   names  should be separated by whatever charac-
                   ter is used in system search  path  specifica-
                   tions, such as a semicolon on IBM PC DOS.

     PATH          On Atari TOS, IBM PC DOS, IBM PC OS/2,  Micro-
                   soft NT, and UNIX, search path for system exe-
                   cutable files.  The system-wide bibclean  ini-
                   tialization file is searched for in that path.

     SYS$SYSTEM    On VAX VMS, search path for system  executable
                   files and the system-wide bibclean initializa-
                   tion file.

FILES
     *.bib          BibTeX  and  Scribe  bibliography  data  base
                    files.

     *.ini          File-specific initialization files.

     .bibclean.isbn UNIX system-wide and user-specific ISBN  ini-
                    tialization files.

     .bibclean.key  UNIX system-wide  and  user-specific  keyword
                    initialization files.

     .bibcleanrc    UNIX system-wide and user-specific  initiali-
                    zation files.

     bibclean.ini   Non-UNIX system-wide and  user-specific  ini-
                    tialization files.

     bibclean.isb   Non-UNIX system-wide and  user-specific  ISBN
                    initialization files.

     bibclean.key   Non-UNIX system-wide and  user-specific  key-
                    word initialization files.

SEE ALSO
     bibcheck(1),  bibdup(1),  bibextract(1),  bibindex(1),  bib-
     join(1),  biblabel(1),  biblex(1),  biblook(1), biborder(1),
     bibparse(1),  bibsearch(1),  bibsort(1),  bibtex(1),  bibun-
     lex(1),   citefind(1),  citesub(1),  citetags(1),  latex(1),
     scribe(1), tex(1).





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User Commands                                         BIBCLEAN(1)



AUTHOR
     Nelson H. F. Beebe
     University of Utah
     Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB
     155 S 1400 E RM 233
     Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090
     USA
     Tel: +1 801 581 5254
     FAX: +1 801 581 4148
     Email: beebe@math.utah.edu, beebe@acm.org, beebe@computer.org (Internet)
     URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe

COPYRIGHT
     ########################################################################
     ########################################################################
     ########################################################################
     ###                                                                  ###
     ###     bibclean: prettyprint and syntax check BibTeX and Scribe     ###
     ###                   bibliography data base files                   ###
     ###                                                                  ###
     ###           Copyright (C) 1990--2013 Nelson H. F. Beebe            ###
     ###                                                                  ###
     ### This program is covered by the GNU General Public License (GPL), ###
     ### version 2 or later, available as the file COPYING in the program ###
     ### source distribution, and on the Internet at                      ###
     ###                                                                  ###
     ###               ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/GPL                          ###
     ###                                                                  ###
     ###               http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html               ###
     ###                                                                  ###
     ### This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or    ###
     ### modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as   ###
     ### published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of   ###
     ### the License, or (at your option) any later version.              ###
     ###                                                                  ###
     ### This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,  ###
     ### but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of   ###
     ### MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the    ###
     ### GNU General Public License for more details.                     ###
     ###                                                                  ###
     ### You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public        ###
     ### License along with this program; if not, write to the Free       ###
     ### Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,   ###
     ### MA 02111-1307 USA                                                ###
     ########################################################################
     ########################################################################
     ########################################################################








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